Authors on Deception Essay

Writers on Deception Essay Writers on Deception Essay All through our Eng. 101 course, we have secured a few unique creators who have dug into encounters and discussions including misleading. Albeit each writer, Orwell, Haizlip and Viorst, expounds on special circumstances and events concerning trickiness, all are issues relating to most if not all people, including myself. Each necessary perusing for me by and by was a one of a kind and captivating entryway that opened to various ways upon individual reflection, question, and thought. Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell is a story including a youthful, not well instructed, sub-divisional cop positioned in lower Burma. His self-misleading is put in plain view as he portrays his impression of how he is seen and bad habit versly from everyone around him. The composing explicitly follows the choice to shoot an elephant and the results that may follow. In cognizance of Orwell’s experience, I have seen (and been a piece of) activities that could have been exclusively founded on the perspectives on â€Å"on lookers†, despite the fact that by and by I may have felt in an unexpected way. Positions extending from coolly hesitating to as frightening as harassing exclusively dependent on miniscule contrasts. These results (for the most part botches) grounded from contemplations of others were mine alone to make, along these lines I acknowledge full obligation looking like Orwell as he should live with the choice he has made paying little mind to how or why it was made. I trust that I can perceive this fact as well as keep on executing positive changes to help better myself and people around me. Shirlee Haizlip composed regarding the matter of â€Å"Passing†. The paper delineates a few types of trickiness and duplicity. Remembering the misdirection of our own picture for the eyes of others, their picture depicted in our eyes, and even how we relate to our own picture. The term passing, the title of the composition, can even be characterized as, â€Å"t he trickiness that empowers an individual to receive certain jobs or personalities from which he/she would be banished by winning social measures without his/hers deceptive conduct.† (Kennedy, standard. 1) Comparable to Orwell, we would all be able to identify with the topic whether we do or don't intentionally let it be known. â€Å"Passing† helped me understand that while racial passing straightforwardly may not be overwhelmingly clear in my own regular day to day existence, it speaks to itself in comparative methods. For example, how individuals adjust contrastingly to one of a kind social situations, guardians info can modify individual conviction just as by and large living of your life can change the duplicity of that conviction, etc. We should think about that every unmistakable situation may not be substantial as an individual yet may agree in the lives of others or even in our own in a roundabout way. Comparable to recently expressed writers, Viorst’s pa per on lying investigates the subject/types of misdirection. Normally in misdirection and double dealing itself, lying. She covers the subject by endeavoring to order the distinctive thinking of double dealing

Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart versus Fasting and Feasting by Anita Dasai :: essays research papers

From the title of the story â€Å" Things Fall Apart † and from the name of the creator Chinua Achebe ,who is one of the most famous post-frontier essayists, perusers can foresee what this novel is going to discuss. This book is for the most part worried about the happening to government to a clan called â€Å" Igbo† in Africa and its social unpredictability. At the point when I previously read this book , I see a great deal of similitudes and contrasts in contrast with â€Å"Fasting , Feasting†, which especially centers around life in India after the time of expansionism. Anita Dasai , the writer, is likewise a noteworthy post-pioneer author so I chose to examine about the similitudes and contrasts of the two books. This paper is going to bring up 2 significant subjects which these books share the similitudes and differences.The first is the perspectives of local towards the colonizer including the results of social conflict and second, existence of ladies in the two social orders. Both Africa and India were attacked by the English Empire during the time of colonialism however the perspectives of the local towards the colonizer are diverse considering in the books. In Things Fall Apart , the local clan of Africa or â€Å" Igbo†, which is isolated into numerous towns is by all accounts fiercely restricted to the happening to the colonizer and the colonizer also responds violently.Foe example,when English government had realized that his teacher was slaughtered in Abame village,They slaughtered the town â€Å" †¦until the market was full and they started to shoot. Everyone was murdered †or Okonkwo, who was a pioneer of the African Igbo people group of Umuofia couldn’t stand the happening to the Christian religion so he recommended Mbanta , the town of his mom to battle against the Whites â€Å" Let us not reason like cowards†¦If a man comes into my cottage and poops on the floor,what do I do?Do I shut my eyes? No! I enjoy a stick a nd reprieve his head.† And the circumstance that was most serious was when Okonkwo slaughtered the head ambassador who was sent by English to stop the assemblage of Igbo. After that he hanged himself since he realized that the District Commissioners wouldn’t let this pass and they would shame him as they had done when they got him and his companion for crushing a congregation by whipping him and shaving his head. From the outset English accompanied Christian religion and numerous locals changed over to Christian and overlooked their old agnostic divine beings like Amadiora, the lord of thunder.

Cloud Computing Free Essays

Each gathering Is relied upon to chip away at a venture and by end-term, present a printed copy of the task and furthermore, In outline, present the discoveries. The task ought to mirror your learning’s from the BIT course. Consequently, the point determination must be with the end goal that your task should address one of the accompanying two Study inside and out any ONE territory of IT Investments In an association. We will compose a custom article test on Distributed computing or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now The examination needs to feature the business destinations tended to by the framework way to deal with usage investigation of progress or disappointment of the execution. What you would have done any other way †give elective arrangements and proposals Finally, what Business related advantages were gotten from the IT speculations It will be Important to dissect considering Management, Organization and Technology parts of Implementation. Investigation of ONE innovation for Its materialness, handiness and Its Implications for associations over an Industry. Study the business destinations for which the Information framework was Implemented In various associations. You study should cover the accompanying investigation: Is reason and requirement for cap specific innovation Information framework the equivalent over all organizations examined? Were the business objectives the equivalent for the innovation usage? Did all organizations face similar dangers, issues and difficulties in actualizing the innovation inside the organization? Did you watch any basic pattern or work on rising across organizations of a similar industry? At long last, what Business related advantages were gotten from the IT speculations Suggested rundown of innovations and enterprises that can be considered: Technologies Industries Distributed computing, AAAS, tsk-tsk, Fertilization Retail Enterprise applications Like Banking, Financial administrations e-Business online business Insurance Social media Manufacturing, Automobile Data-stockroom and Bal Telecoms You can choose your own innovation or mix of innovation and industry. Accommodation of Synopsis Each gathering Is relied upon to compose an abstract ( not multiple pages) of the undertaking the gathering expects to do. Rundown will cover the Topic of the task Approach the gathering means to follow Broad areas of the report Division of exertion †list the duties allotted to every individual from the gathering Project Report Project report will be submitted in delicate duplicate. The report should tallest be of 12 pages and not surpass more than 25-30 pages. Your report ought to mirror your group’s investigation and exertion. Any report which I find has been straightforwardly downloaded from one source and replicated will be totally dismissed and no imprints will be given to that gathering. Significant dates 1 . Accommodation of abstract: Gag 31st 2. Venture accommodation: End of eighteenth meeting. The date will be affirmed by Seep fourth Step by step instructions to refer to Cloud Computing, Papers Distributed computing Free Essays These join together and convey administrations, for example, the conveyance of programming, Infrastructure and capacity. There are various sorts of distributed computing. There are open mists, private mists and mixture mists. We will compose a custom paper test on Distributed computing or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now Open mists are virtual server farm. A specialist co-op, for example, Dropped makes assets accessible over the Internet. Private cloud are for the most part inside an organization’s firewall yet it likewise could a private space devoted to the association gave by a specialist co-op. Cross breed cloud joins the two parts of open and private cloud. What are the upsides of distributed computing? Distributed computing is extremely cost proficient as it is exceptionally simple to keep up and use. Distributed computing Is much less expensive than conventional programming. As distributed computing is high beneficial, It sets aside a great deal of cash and time. Other than cost effectiveness, one of the benefits of distributed computing is that most cloud specialist co-ops are generally capable to recoup data. It is a lot simpler to reinforcement and recoup data than on physical capacity gadget. Another bit of leeway of distributed computing would be Its programmed programming Integration work. Programmed programming Integration implies an individual doesn't require hard exertion to tweak and Integrate applications. Distributed computing permits the individual to modify without any problem. Not just it’s extremely simple to alter, distributed computing is additionally exceptionally simple to get to data. An individual can without much of a stretch access the cloud from each and every corner on the planet with Internet get to whenever. What are the disservices of distributed computing? Distributed computing offers a ton of positive perspectives. However, It additionally has Its drawback. Now and again, distributed computing framework face some genuine specialized issues. Here and there it is useless in spite of it is continually kept up. Security issue is likewise one of the greatest worry in distributed computing. In the event that an association is utilizing a distributed computing specialist organization, secret individual data or other touchy Information could be presented to the outsider. Thus, it is essential to ensure that a cloud specialist organization you’re going to pick is secure. Distributed computing is effortlessly uncovered by programmers or any sorts of danger since anything on the Internet is helpless against assaults. Distributed computing has made it simple to get to Information however probably the greatest defect Is that It doesn’t furnish with a ton of room. The majority of the cloud specialist co-ops just give not exactly BIBB of space to its client. A business 1 OFF association picked a specialist co-op, the association relies a ton upon the specialist co-op. It would be exceptionally problematic to change from a specialist co-op to another. It would require some investment to move all the records. How could a Canola Computer Store client use Dropped? Dropped can store photographs, records, recordings and documents for its clients. Dropped has applications for a few stages, for example, PC, cell phones and tablets. Dropped is additionally open on the Internet. Dropped likewise permits its clients to impart their envelopes to whomever they want. Other than sharing an envelope, Dropped clients can likewise send connections of explicit documents, photographs and organizers. Dropped is a free help and you can join at www. Dropped. Com. Part B: Disposal of Data and Computer Components What are the two techniques for secure information removal? Sims Recycling Solutions offers two sorts of secure information removal. They offer information cleaning and information destroying technique. How does every technique arranges the information? Sims Recycling Solutions utilizes the information cleaning strategy by utilizing the business driving information cleaner programming called Balance to wipe the information in the hard drive. Information grouping technique is likewise utilized by Sims Recycling Solutions. Information is arranged by truly destroyed by enormous destroying machines. Why arrange information utilizing information cleaning strategy? Information cleaning is an amazing technique for reusing reason. Some association utilizes the information cleaning strategy to wipe all the information at that point commented it and sell. By utilizing information cleaning strategy, an association can save segments of a hardware for support and deal purposes. Information cleaning additionally permits an association to restore a hardware and give for noble cause as it wipes all the information inside. Why arrange information utilizing information destroying strategy? Information destroying is great if reusing a gear isn't a choice henceforth requires information destroying strategy to genuinely devastate the hardware. It is likewise a decent decision for Solid State Memory and non-attractive capacity gadgets, for example, DVD’s and minimized circle (CD) in light of the fact that these sorts of capacity gadgets need information destroying technique to devastate them safely. How Sims Recycling Solutions bargains mindfully, morally and in an ecological well disposed way with electronic waste? Electronic waste, for example, PC screen and TV contain substances that are destructive to the earth on the off chance that they are not arranged cautiously. Sims Recycling Solutions offers to gather electronic waste, for example, PC screen and TV to nearby Sims Recycling Solution removal focus. We use Sims Recycling Solutions in light of the fact that the organization reuses perilous electronic waste in a natural inviting manner. The organization additionally reuse as much as possible. The organization can reuse the glass in screens. Scanners, toner cartridges and printers can likewise be reused. Sims Recycling Solutions has the innovation to break toner cartridges for vitality recuperation and reuse them into crude material in a natural well disposed way. Reusing successful and ecological benevolent. Sims Recycling Solutions guarantees 100% information removal in printers and scanners as they record everything printed or copied in their memory. Where would i be able to arrange IT and PC? Step by step instructions to refer to Cloud Computing, Papers

Case Study Wiseessays.com - The Power of a Website

Case Study Wiseessays.com - The Power of a WebsiteIf you want to start a website about all the laws of business, you can start your own website with case study wiseessays.com. However, it is not that easy because you must be able to convince other people with your ideas so that they will learn from your website.The first thing that you need to do is to write a case study on any topic related to your real life experience. You must also add the real life example that is related to the topic so that your readers will get the idea on how much power that the law of success is. If you want your readers to get the idea, then you must start a real life example like how I was able to make my company grow by 10% in one year with no investment.The purpose of your case study wiseessays.com is to tell the readers that if they will make some investment in your business, they will get money. After you have finished the case study, you will be able to convince your readers that investing in your bus iness is the right way for them to get their money and to have a strong company.Once you are done with your case study wiseessays.com, you will be able to convince other people with the same ideas. The internet is full of topics that you can use as a case study wiseessays.com because you can find information from the net and then you can take this information and use it as a case study wiseessays.com.In fact, you can use your internet marketing knowledge to bring more traffic to your website and to develop more business opportunities. If you have a good content and powerful and memorable contents, you will be able to bring more traffic to your website and more business opportunities for you. This is the reason why most of the marketers nowadays have got their own websites on the internet because they are learning about the process of SEO.When you have a website on the internet, you can use your online marketing knowledge to make your site ranked well in search engines. You must unde rstand the importance of SEO marketing, as well as the benefits of having a good website on the internet. As a result, you will be able to earn a lot of money through your internet marketing business.It is important for you to remember that you must use your case study wiseessays.com to promote your online business and the idea that you are able to build a successful online business because you must know how to create the right message and how to tell the world about your success. So, if you want to start a website and you want to learn about online marketing, you can always join the internet marketing forums, blogs, or forums to gain more knowledge about online marketing.

Comparing The Film V For Vendetta And The Song Get Up...

Comparative analyses exploring the film V for Vendetta and the song Get Up Stand Up by Bob Marley and how they relate to the social context of Marxism. One of the themes that influenced many artists in the past is standing up for your rights. ‘V for Vendetta’ (2005) and ‘Bob Marley’s Get Up, Stand Up’ (1973) has been chosen because the author supports these works fit into the social context of Marxism. From the outset, Marxism will be examined in terms of the historical aspect and materialistic ideology. Moreover, the study will look at how these elements were manipulated by the powers that be. There follows a short synopsis of the film ‘V for Vendetta’ and an analysis of specific scenes that relate to the Marxist theory. Subsequently, the discussion will focus on Marley’s influence on Jamaican politics and consequently an analysis on how Marley’s Get Up Stand Up (1973) lyrics relate to Marxism. Lastly, by implementing appropriate approaches there will be a critical comparison on how these works relate to Marxism (explanation). History of Karl Marx Karl Heinrich Marx was born in Trier, Germany in 1818 (bbc.co.uk, 2015). Marx joined the University of Bonn in 1835 (doube check, duel stuff) to study in the Faculty of Law (Kreis, 2000). In 1836 (find out what happened), Marx moved to Berlin to enrol at Berlin University as a law student and soon after he became a member of the Young Hegelians (Engels, 2015). Which was/is an idealist movement (find out what it was) in

Century Study of Music free essay sample

Session 6 20th Century To be specific focusing on five performances: First one comes before this period. Laying down framework that comes later: A concert at the Carnegie Hall, 1938, called Spirituals to Swing. Second one, in 1939 another concert-same title. Then we come to Post war period A concert, in 1953 that became known as Jazz Massey Hall, Canada. Referred toot times as the quintet of the year the five musicians that played were some of the foremost Bebop musicians at the time. Both live events. Subsequently those tunes became part of the Males Davies repertoire.Coming into sasss another studio performance called Ascension, which was led by saxophone player, John Chlorate, who was very much associated with the new thing, I. E free improvisation. Finally-beyond the period Sun Ra-1989. In those pieces we go a little bit before the period and a little after taking us Into the popular level of the digital era-early asss. * Chose these specific performances because they encapsulate something very important that was happening in Jazz very new, blue, consolidating. Place in social context as well as musical and artistic concepts. A very general outline Ideologies (or frameworks of Ideas we might apply to what was going on). Placed In a sort of logical order, although no need as Grass roots Jazz carries on to this day-is referring to early 20th century. -Grassroots Pragmatism (Practical, matter of fact way of approaching and assessing music. Jazz grassroots dimension. Sasss onwards Increasing commercial Interests In Jazz.Particularly In the asss and asss led to two things: *African-American essentialist (Spiritual swing concert) an ideology, put black Americans first (form of music comes from these people) in a ay counterpoised to commercialism if you look at racial politics of America at that time white people making big bucks out of the white musicians. *Normalization (beginning of Bebop). This Is where musicians keen to put themselves outside of the commercial nexus- after hours In little clubs they would evolve a new type of music.Idea putting themselves on the margin and musicians aspiring to being considered as artists despite the racist snobbery that suggested they would find it more difficult to be genuine artists-this is part of the normalization and the sod you attitude, as they were not actually thinking in immemorial terms, the first and foremost thing was not to make money out of the music. America, enormous amount of promotion of Jazz example of how wonderful America was. Happy to use Jazz in a propaganda sense. E. , Communist world doesnt know this kind of music and they were happy to use Jazz in that propaganda sense because one of the big criticisms that the Russians/communists had was that in America people are not all equal and you Just wanted to look at the racial issue. America was happy to come back with, well yes theres an awful lot of black peop le hat play this music as well, so it was good propaganda which led to some extraordinary results. *Backlash to all of that, against this in the asss where Jazz became very associated with the freedom movement and the civil rights movement.This is very much where Free Jazz, Free improvisation and really Ascension-Sun Eras work were associated with that. *asss asss Finally, Jazz becomes multi-dimensional , in the asss, asss, maybe. Ref (15:00) To some degree-black Americans musicians- searching for the history in the roots, in relation to freedom in the civil rights-made heir Journeys through Africa, and tried to find ways in which the two types of music enmeshed. * Two famous examples-albums recorded by Jazz musicians perhaps a Jazz sax player and made albums with drummer ensembles etc, so you get this kind of fusion. Asss If you look back as far as the asss, you get another Jazz fusion Jazz Rock-Miles Davies, one of the first people that got on to that one. * Very good rock guitarists like John McLaughlin would perform with Miles Davies Jazz band-introduces a very different feel to it. Miles Davies-interesting career-had made a hip hop record by the mime he died in the asss. Multi-dimensional things that come in, in Jazz. The boundaries of the genre had melted somewhat. Repertoire became very fluid. Wasnt Just Jazz tunes/blues/or 32 bar popular song forms/Jazz classics, but an enormous amount else that was allowed in to the repertoire.Quote from two Jazz critics political propaganda-linking music with politics-Cold War stuff. Normalization. An interesting essay by American -Norman Mailer, came out in 1957, called The White Negro: Superficial reflections on the hipster. All about normalization-this is al about white people, when white people feel disaffected. *Pose of resistance because they were not happy with mainstream society, we are taking this stance against it, in order to do so they were parodying taking on black expression/ black culture.Telethons Monk-We want music they cannot play. Pre Beatnik, person that represented it the most was Dizzy Gillespie Jive talking, black berets, extra words syllables one of the fatuity words was a Rooney! Meant to be hip. Record shops in New York displaying Bebop spoken here. were promoted by John Hammond. John Hammond- wealthy man-quite young at that mime. Promoted many performers: *Billie holiday-later on Bob Dylan and then later in the asss Bruce Springiness. He was plugged in to what was happening both in Jazz and popular music. He thought unconventionally for his class and was outraged at the condition of black people in America at that time-how difficult it was to get on if you were black and particularly if you were a musician and particularly in the Jazz world. Hammond motivations for putting on this concert was to give African Americans some respect, some profile and to acknowledge that one of Americas contributions to USIA had come from black people-this is how he wanted it to be seen. Wasnt easy to get sponsorship- both these concerts were at Carnegie Hall-the pucker concert hall in the Unites States, therefore the most expensive to hire and despite the fact of him being wealthy himself he was trying to raise some support/sponsorship. He didnt manage to get anyone from the commercial world possibly due to racist reasons as the concert was going to be for an integrated audience and there had to be black and white and a lot of the commercial sponsors opted out. He did get a pompons in a way from a very predictable source-a Journal called the new masses. A journal that was produced by the American Communist Party.They agreed to finance it, although not entirely surprising if you think of the philosophy of equality and all the rest. What Hammond was trying to do with these concerts: *To write or establish a narrative of Jazz, in other words a story that would be its history, it would be the story that Jazz told about itself. In a way if your trying to give a sense of dignity, youre trying to put a group of people on the map, you need to tell a story about them. Very often these stories are invented but Hammond intentions were absolutely pure , no doubt he was politically, socially, artistically committed to the plight of black people in America.On the other hand he did write a narrative -(its in the title: Spirituals To Swing. ) Hammond did tell a story of Jazz that we have been telling ever since and has sometimes got in the way of the way we think about Jazz. Its in the title: Spirituals To Swing. The narrative was (in the title) (sasss was the swing era, era of big bands Tommy Dorset- Glen Millard) big by todays standard with 20 to 30 musicians. Played for dancing So swing was where the story had got to.What he was trying to prove in these concerts was this: * There was a story that started in West Africa ( when we talked about early Jazz, it was emphasized that there was also a white European, very strong influence in Jazz) Undoubtedly the people that led this formation of this style where African Americans. All of them had been very heavily Ragtime might have been a compromise between black American rhythms and European parlor music but Hammond didnt say anything about the European bit. *sasss back then people were much more static. Didnt travel around the world the way we do today.If you were putting something like this on today and you wanted to represent the fact that the music came from African roots, youd have bought a few plane tickets and flown a troop of African drummers over from iambi to New York, they would have done their concert and gone home. Would have been impossible to organist that project those days. At the beginning of one of (maybe both) those concerts he put a gramophone player on the stage-played very rare recordings of African tribal drumming-to give people some idea of this is where it started even though they loudest actually get the people there that played this.So this is how it started: You go to a posh concert at Carnegie Hall-you wouldnt be paying peanuts to go there-you got all these Jazz stars that are on the bill. -It starts with someone walking on the stage and putting a needle on the record. There onwards he tried to show that there was a logical development from that point -To slavery- the slave trade black people in the Southern States singing work songs/call and response/early versions of gospel coming up to early versions of blues. He tried very hard to get hold of the lees singer, Robert Johnson(legendary in asss/inspiration to asss rock bands, e. Rolling stones) He was a bit of a legend in his own time-very hard to trace him. Hammond went around to try to find this character but in the end they found that he had only Just died. They found another singer called Big Bill Brown/fantastic guitar player singer and he took Robert Johnson place. Other people invited to perform in his concert The Golden Gate Quartet, four black singers who sang gospel songs in a more modern style. If you had been around asss years or even a hundred years earlier you would not have heard the same style that The Golden Gate did. -Plays audio clip Mitchell Christian Singers, What More Can My Jesus Do. This was recorded at this concert. Old style with lead singer and harmonistic voices alongside. Plays more audio from those concerts: Harmonica player Sonny Terry/ well known as a fantastic blues-harp player/had most peculiar style of falsetto singing, wasnt that uncommon. People that came to the concert (particularly left-wing white intellectuals, must have thought it extremely primitive and loved it for sure for that reason. Plays Sonny Terry percussionist laying a washboard. Lots of different techniques used, thimbles on fingers/bells attached to boards etc. Not many knew much about this in those days-fairly common for us now. So what you have got with these concerts: -The African roots -The beginnings of blues and gospel progress from those forms to a modern swing band. The band they got to do this was Count Basis and his orchestra. They were difficult to get but Hammond was promoting them himself, obviously why and how he got them to play. Basiss music was very blues based, although like a swing band in some respects, it was like an overgrown blues band in other respects. Probably had at least a couple of each sax, two tenors, two altos possibly a baritone, probably didnt use soprano very much those days.Perhaps two trumpets, trombones and a rhythm section But Count Bastes own tunes were all based on the 12 bar blues sequence plays audio: One Oclock Jump. Other musicians were involved as well: -Benny Goodman- white clarinet player. It wasnt that there was a color bar against the whites, the idea was to tell this story in the black context. Benny Goodman was considered the king of swing on the clarinet. There were other examples of mainly black musicians Plays audio-Count Basiss One Oclock Jump-fast swing movement but very rehearsed, e. We heard a key change -Some room for improvisation as it is very riff based -If band is riffing behind you, playing key phrase over and over then lot of scope to put a solo over it. -Typical of the time, what you will hear is they are not long protracted solos -Dont give musician much opportunity to expand -Modern Jazz solos tend to go on much longer -Kind of a rehearsed improvisation -More of a composition with some room for improve Lots you can say about these Spiritual of Swing concerts: In one very particular way the beginnings of rock and roll actually owed something to these concerts. There was a whole style of piano playing in the States -Very Urban -Not that many people doing it -But common enough to go in to a bar and hear someone playing Boogie Woozier _Which was basically a speeded-up form of 12 bar blues -Typically with those left hand patterns and right hand cliches *What never happened in Boogie Woozier was: -Groups of musicians started to play together in these concerts -Three very famous Boogie pianists not so sure if they even knew each other before the concert -JohnHammond managed to get three pianos on the stage and got all three playing -You get this fantastic three voice Boogie Woozier Then there was the big shouter Big Joe Turner got up and sang with these Boogie Woozier pianists -It does sound a bit like early rock and roll -Without that shuffling back beat that was so typical. Discuss this in two weeks time) This concert really profiled that music -spread it and made groups were there hadnt previously been groups -Lots of people there -Most importantly the musicians were put in contact with one another -So very quickly they began to bring this very urban blues style together And that really is the first hint of rock and roll. So, John Hammond may have done a whole lot more than essentially profile black music. He might of been a pioneer in the rock and roll world.Thats that concert. A recap He tried to create a narrative of Jazz, he gave it a history. Not entirely accurate but a nice story to tell. (1953) We move on to Jazz in Massey Hall in 1953 Discusses bebop itself before moving on to this concert. -Has given already a couple of hints as to what the origins of bebop were: -One was a opposed quotation of Telethons Monk who said: We wanted to play something they couldnt. 2 -When he said they couldnt actually reflects something of the history of Jazz.What actually happened to Jazz -Entrepreneurs, impresarios, people in other words from the commercial area had heavily moved in and marketed Jazz. -In particular the swing bands were there was some room for improve but if you played in the majority of swing bands and particularly those led by white musicians, improvisation almost disappears-listen to Glen Millard or Dodders band for e. G -Part of the reason for that is that they were selling a product. Improvisation is notoriously unreliable, one day brilliant, next day not so. If you are selling records you want your customers to know what they are getting. -At least in the more popular dimension of things _-But majority of Jazz musicians if they wanted to make a living at all by playing music found themselves at one time or another in one of these swing bands. _AI the famous Jazz musicians in the bebop era, like Charlie Parker (alto sax player) Dizzy Gillespie (trumpet player) both of whom we hear. -Many many others, bass players drummers the lot, at some time or another went on this swing band thing to make a paving. Read somewhere it was something of a treadmill, read that Benny Goodman band toured 365 days a year -They had a gig every day including smash day and on Sundays would play in the afternoon and evening. -Evening performances very long, often went on after midnight. Then they would pack up their gear and on a train to some other part of the Country in time for the next gig. -Every day of the year and playing the same stuff. -It was hard work they were very hard-working bands. -There was the audience for it. On the whole they were playing dance halls. The music of course was quite simplified. Minds -you had to be blended good. -You wouldnt be able to stand the touring schedule if you were struggling for notes or techniques. (sasss) What you actually hear if you listen to those bands that toured in the sasss: -You hear excellent musicians/also hear quite a formulaic music. So this is where a lot of early black Jazz musicians where earning their living, and what tended to happen is you would do your gig and then after hours you would go to one of these clubs. A very famous one in New York, called Moutons. -Musicians who wanted to play one of their own stuff and didnt want to be on this readily all the time, playing same riffs day after day. However they met together after hours. You get this very high technique but were musicians bursting forth, as they were very creative artists who were being very frustrated by the fact that they were playing this formulaic music, so this is one of the very strong origins of bebop. Often the tunes they played (despite the fact that they would often play a 2 bar blues sequence or other popular tunes that were very well known, usually the 32 bar popular tune formula but they would start to play outside the chords. Particularly sax player, Charlie Parker who was very good at introducing chromaticss or little shifts. E. G the pianist may be playing a chord of G but then very briefly you might play something a semitone above it and then back to G. -A lot of what they did was trying to see how far outside the chords they could get. Also playing in many cases, very very fast.Plays an audio from a concert a few years before it. -Plays Charlie Parker Coalescence tune was derived from a very well known love song-Lover Come Back To Me . Was usually performed very slowly. -You would get a ironer like Being Crosby or a heart throb that would croon this song very gently. However, once Charlie got hold of it the tune is unrecognizable but what you do have is the chord sequence . The important thing here, is that you have got a new tune, a very fast and a very complicated tune-very difficult to play and based on a very conventional chord sequence.Plays audio. Performances regarded as a little bit heroin-fueled. *Gave is the sax solo and trumpet solo, trumpet solo was Miles Davies when in his teens. Miles Davies had moved to New York to be near this kind of music went to he Jailbird school of music, trained them to the highest caliber-classical musicians. He only did a year there and dropped out and went and got a real music education amongst the Jazz players. Charlie Parker was a very tragic case, a heroin addict and killed him in the end. So, thats a good example of bebop, kind of all about chops, its showy, very fast. The chord changes which would normally be quite simple if it was an original love song but first he is doing it at twice the speed and adding, passing chords in. -Very hard to describe this. You can analyses it musically and see what sasss is the date of this. So bebop was well on the way by then as an established style and there were vast numbers of players. -Was true what Telethons Monk had said, that they wanted something that white musicians couldnt play and it was true for only a very brief period because there were some very excellent white musicians who got into that style and became very well known for it. On the other hand it was very much run by black musicians . (1953) So by 1953 when this concert took place, bebop was very much an established Jazz idiom and the people who were in the quintet, the five of them were all really well known in their own way. One of them was Charlie Parker who we Just heard on the alto sax, the trumpeter that we shall hear is Dizzied Gillespie, they had Matt Roach on drums on Lingua on bass, Bud Powell on piano. Monk was a very idiosyncratic player but he didnt play here !!!!

Transformational Leadership Is Positively Related to Ocb Essay Example

Transformational Leadership Is Positively Related to Ocb Essay Student ID: 12062298D Student Name: Lau Tsz Ling Argument: Transformational leadership is positively related to Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Introduction Choosing a good leading approach is critical for a leader to succeed in leading a team in order to achieve team’s goal. Transformational leadership is one of the recommendable leadership theories for leaders to follow for motivating followers to accomplish more than what they have planned through various ways. Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is a ladder for followers to participate more and it is believed that transformational leadership can enhance the degree of OCB, but mostly through an indirect way, by influencing job satisfactions and organizational commitment and thus OCB. This essay first focuses on how transformational leadership affect followers’ behavior. The second part will be the relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfactions and organizational commitment. Finally, I will come into the indirectly effect of transformational leadership on OCB through job satisfaction and organizational commitment, by using Perceived organizational Support, Equity theory and Social-Exchange Theory for explaination. Transformational leadership According to Burns (1978), transformational leadership is a process that tries to move the consciousness of followers up through appealing to higher ideals and values. Bass (1985) suggests that transformational leader can make followers to pay more attention to consider the task outcomes value, act for the goal of the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Transformational Leadership Is Positively Related to Ocb specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Transformational Leadership Is Positively Related to Ocb specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Transformational Leadership Is Positively Related to Ocb specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Besides, it can also motivate the followers to put extra effort like putting high level goals instead of performing the minimum requirements of their work. There are 4 main factors suggests by Bass (1985) on transformational leadership. They are idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individual consideration and intellectual stimulation. The first factor, idealized influence, refers to the perception and action that followers toward leader (Bass,1985). If a leader act as a role model for the followers, they can be more easily to gain trust and respect from followers. The second factor is inspirational motivation. It means the articulation of a leader’s vision which appeal and inspire followers (Berson, Shamir, Avolio Popper, 2001). The third factor, Individual consideration is that â€Å"assignment are delegated to followers to provide learning opportunites† (Williams, Pollai, Schriesheim, 1999:898). The last factor, intellectual stimulation, means that leader stimulate followers’ creativity in order to think in various ways so as to increase productivity. Organizational Citizenship Bahavior (OCB) Organ (1988) defines OCB as behavior of workers which is discretionary and excess their basic job requirements. This behavior is beneficial to organization. OCB is excluded from formally defined role prescriptions. Hence, it is hard for managers to reward employees who perform OCB and punish who does not perform (Moorman and Blakely, 1995). In aggregate, contributions from OCB enhance the effectiveness of organizational functioning. Therefore, it is the main concern of managers what they can do to make the employees carry out OCB. Organizational Commitment (OC) Allen and Meyer(1991) constructs a three-component model about OC. They are affective commitment, calculative commitment and normative commitment. Meyer and Allen(1991) proposes that affective commitment is the emotional attachment of individual to the organization with identification . Calculative commitment is defined as the need for an employee to stay in an organization due to their investment put and sunk costs. Normative commitment refers to the obligation of employees to remain in the organization (Allen Meyer, 1990). In some meta-analyses (Organ and Ryan,1995) (Meyer, Stanley, Herscovitch, Topolnytsky, 2002), they find that there is a positively relationship between affective and normative commitment and OCB, whereas no relationship between continuance commitment and OCB. In the following study, I will mainly focus on the effect of affective and normative commitment on OCB only. Job Satisfaction Locke (1976,p. 1300) defined job satisfaction as â€Å"pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experiences†. If employees feel success, gain joyful from their job, higher job satisfaction is resulted. In the following paragraphs, I am going to have a look on how transformational leadership is positively influencing Job satisfaction and commitment. Transformational leadership and Organizational Commitment Followers’ organizational commitment can be easily influenced by practicing transformational leadership. For example, helping followers in solving problems on their works, getting help in making decision when they face difficulties in choosing choice, caring their needs so as to develop their potential skills, creating a common goal among leaders and followers as well as highlighting the importance of each followers in achieving goals (Avolio, Zhu, Koh, Bhatia, 2004; Shamir, House, Arther,1993; Shamir, Zakay, Breinin, Popper, 1998). Followers will then feel being supported, self-esteem is elevated and adjust themselves to get into the same vision with leaders (Kent,2001). Finally, followers will pay back the leader’s effort by putting higher commitment. The above relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment is supported by the Avolio and his colleagues’ study(2004). They carried out the study in a large public hospital in Singapore and invited 520 staff nurses to participate. The result shows that transformational leadership is positively associated with organizational commitment through studying followers’ level of empowerment and structural distance. Although different level of empowerment and structural distance will influence the degree of organizational commitment, there is still a positive relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment. From another study done by Emery Barker(2007), which includes participates from banking and food industry, also find out that transformational leadership is positively correlated to organizational commitment and the level of commitment is higher than those follow transactional leader. Transformational leadership and Job satisfaction Cohrs, Abele, Dette (2006) suggest that one of the major determinants of job satisfaction is leadership and transformational leadership is one of it (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Morrman, Fetter,1990). By practicing transformational leadership, leaders can instruct a sense of mission and intellectual stimulation. (Bass,1985). Leaders can also know the needs and aspirations of followers so as to give them personal attention. Followers’ confidence, motivation and effectiveness can then be increased (WalumbwaKuchinke, 1999). Besides, Avolio and Bass (1995) believe that transformational leaders can build trust and respect with followers by giving individualized attention. When followers feel they have received the special attention from leaders, they are more willing to work harder to meet their expectations and longer-term goals. Job satisfaction is then increased. Walumbwa and his colleagues’ (2005) has carried out a study on whether there is a relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction and organizational commitment. They have asked the participants, who are tellers and clerks form five banks in United States and seven foreign and local banks in Kenya to rate 3 items managers’ leadership behavior, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. The result shows that transformational leadership is related to both job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Emery and Barker(2007) also take study on customer contact personnel. It also shows that transformational leadership can increase job satisfaction and organizational commitment. In Avolio, Bass and their colleagues’ (2004) research also shows that transformational leadership is connected with work-related behaviors and attitudes, including job satisfaction. From the above empirical studys and analyses, it is worth to believe there is a positively association between transformational leadership and job satisfaction. The above analyses and studies show out the positive relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction. In the following paragraph, I am going to show out how job satisfaction and organizational commitment act as mediator between transformational leadership and OCB. Organizational commitment Organizational Citizenship Behavior Organizational commitment is a multidimensional concept and I am going to use affective and normative commitment to be the mediator between transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behavior. When employee feel being cared, supported from their leader, higher affective commitment is resulted. One of the reason behind may be both are mainly related to emotion. As giving care and support is one part of the transformational leadership, the degree of affective commitment can be increased. With a stronger affective commitment, employees are more willing to work and put more effort in achieving organizational goal. Besides, affective commitment can influence employees’ attention between the connection between their work performance and the organizational objective. They will have more evaluation on their own performance and how much their contribution is related to the success of achieving goal is. Increase in the degree of affective commitment will also increase the contribution from employees. With higher affective commitment, they have higher motivation to work and not only perform in-role performance i. e. their basic job requirement, but also the extra-role, for example, introduce the organizational structure and normal operations to the new employees which is included as OCB. This obligation can be created by the training provided from the organization and the interaction between leader and followers. When transformational leader provide idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individual consideration and intellectual stimulation to his/her followers, normative commitment of followers will be enhanced. This can be explained by Perceived Organizational Support(Elisenberger et al,2002) and Equity Theory(Adam,1965). According to Perceived Organizational Support (Elisenberger et al,2002), employees who have received high extent of attention, trust and support will reciprocate the organization with better performance. Referring to the Equity theory, Adam(1965) suggests that employee who enjoys superior treatment from the organization after compared with others’ treatment will try to improve their work quality and productivity as return to leader or organization. However, the work outcomes are not singly determined by one’s effort. As a result, employee will render the care and support by OCB. Therefore, with higher level of both affective commitment and normative commitment, higher degree of OCB is resulted. The positively correlation between OCB and affective commitment and normative commitment are supported by several study. Meyer and Hersocovitch(2001) claims that OCB is a consequences of OC. Besides, a positive relationship between affective and OCB is supported by O’Reilly and Chatman(1986) study. Meyer, Stanley, Herscovitch and Topolnytsky’s research(2002) also find that affective and normative commitment is positively connected to OCB. In Snape, Chan and Redman(2006) study, it shows that increase in degree of organizational commitment will increase the level of OCB. Job Satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behavior When transformational leaders help employees to solve problem, stimulate them to develop their potential, provide care and support to the followers’ needs, they will have a higher motivation to work and logically a better performance. Gaining the feeling of success from job will then increase their job satisfaction. Williams and Anderson(1991) said that one of the most important predictors of OCB is job satisfaction and there is a strong positive relationship between them. In other words, the higher the job satisfaction, the higher the motivation and the better the work performance is. Griffith(2003) suggests that employees with higher job satisfaction will have a higher evaluation about the organization. They are more willing to help others and do more than what they are required to do, i. e. performing extra-role performance. Besides, in order to reciprocate the organization as employees find satisfaction from their job, employees are more willing to commit themselves to the organization, resulting in performing OCB in return. The relationship between job satisfaction and OCB can be explained by Social Exchange Theory (Emerson, 1976). The costs and benefits from work can be both mental and physical. The â€Å"costs† of work can be the time forgone, feeling tired, rap from managers, etc. , whereas the â€Å"benefits† from the job are salaries, success in achieving organizational goals as well as the job satisfaction. When the degree of job satisfaction is high, the benefits will increase and the cost will decrease at the same time. As a result, the â€Å"worth† to work will be increased. In order to repay the worth from work, employees is more easily to perform OCB in exchange. There are several studies and meta-analyses shows that there is a positively relationship between job satisfaction and OCB. The meta-analyses carried out by Organ and Ryan(1995) shows that there is a positive relationship between job satisfaction and OCB. Organ and Ryan(1995) makes a study on nurse about the relationship between job satisfaction and OCB and it shows a positive result. The degree of OCB is also positively correlated to job satisfaction (Organ and Lingl, 1995) Conclusion To conclude, I have discussed the relationship between transformational leadership, organizational commitment, job satisfaction and OCB. As a transformational leader will influence the degree of followers’ organizational commitment and job satisfaction, and the degree of organizational commitment and job satisfaction is also correlated to employees’ willingness of performing OCB, it is worth to believe that transformational leadership can influence OCB indirectly. Although there are many studies and meta-analyses have been carried out to study their relationship, the important thing is to practice it out. Leader should try to become a transformational leader to motivate and encourage their followers. Through the practice, followers will gain support and care. They will then reciprocate the organization by making improvement in both in-role and extra-role (OCB) performance. Finally, organizational efficiency and goals are improved and achieved. References Adams, J. S. 1965. Inequity in social exchange. Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 62:335-343. Allen, N. J. and Meyer, J. P. 1990), The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to the Organization, Journal of Occupational Psychology, Vol. 63: 1-18. Allen, N. J. and Meyer,J. P. (1991), â€Å"A Three-Component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment†, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 1 (1):61-89 Avolio, B. J. and Bass, B. M. (1995), -Individual Cons ideration Viewed at Multiple Levels of Analysis: A Multi-Level Framework for Examining the Diffusion of Transformational Leadership? , Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 6 (2): 199–218. Avolio, B. J. , Bass, B. , Walumbwa, F. , Zhu, W. 2004). MLQ Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire: Technical report, leader form, rater form, and scoring key for MLQ Form 5x-Short (3rd ed. ). Redwood City, CA: Mind Garden. Avolio, B. J. , Zhu, W. , Koh, W. , Bhatia P. (2004), â€Å"Transformational Leadership and Organizational Commitment: Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment and Moderating Role of Structural Distance†, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vio. 25:951-968. Burns, J. M. (1978), Leadership, New York: Harper Row Bass, B. (1985), Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations, New York: The Free Press Berson, Y. , B. Shamir, B. J. Avolio and M. Popper, 2001. The Relationship between vision strength, leadership style, and context. The Leadership Quarterly, 12: 53-73 Cohrs, J. C. , Abele, A. E. and Dette, D. E. (2006), -Integrating Situational and Dispositional Determinants of Job Satisfaction: Findings from Three Samples of Professionals? , The Journal of Psychology, Vol. 140 (4): 363–395. Eisenberger, R. , Huntington, R. , Hutchison, S. , Sowa, D. 1986. Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 500 –507; Rhoades, L. , Eisenberger, R. 2002.. Emerson, Richard M. (1976). Social Exchange Theory. Annual Review of Sociology 2. PMID  335-362. Emery, C. R, Barker, K. J. (2007), -The Effect of Transactional and Transformational Leadership Styles on the Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction of Customer Contact Personnel? , Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, Vol. 11 (1): 77-90. Griffiths, B. (2003), â€Å"Do What You Love For The Rest Of Your Life : A Practical Guide To Career Change And Personnal Renewal†, New York : Ballantine. Kent, A. (2001), -Perceived Transformational Leadership, Organizational Commitment, and Citizenship Behavior: A Case Study in Intercollegiate Athletics? Journal of Sport Management, Vol. 15: 135-159. Locke, E. A. and Henne, D. (1985), â€Å"Job Dissatisfaction: What are the consequences? †, International Journal of Psychology, Vol. 20:221-240 Meyer, J. P. , Allen, N. J(1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1,61-89 Meyer, J. P. and Her scovitch, L. (2001), -Commitment in the Workplace-Toward a General Model? , Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 11: 299-326. Meyer, J. P. , Stanley, D. J. , Herscovitch, L. and Topolnytsky,L. 2002),†Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to the Organization: A Meta-Analysis of Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences†, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 61: 20-52. Moorman, R. H. and Blakely, G. L. (1995), â€Å"Individualism-Collectivism as an Individual Difference Predictor of Organizational Citizenship Behavior†, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 16:127-142 OReilly, C. A. and Chatman, J. (1986), Organizational Commitment and Psychological Attachment; the Effects of Compliance, Identification, and Internalization on Prosocial Behavior, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 1: 492- 499. Organ, D. W. (1988), Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. Organ, D. W. and Lingl, A. (1995), -Person ality, Satisfaction, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior? , The Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 135 (3): 339-350. Organ D. W. and Ryan,K. (1995), â€Å" A Meta-Analytic Review of Attitudinal and Dispositional Predictors of Organizational Citizenship Behavior†, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 48 (4): 775-802 Podsakoff, P. M. , MacKenzie, S. B. , Moorman, R. H. , and Fetter, R. 1990), -Transformational Leader Behaviors and Their Effects on Followers‘ Trust in Leader, Satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors? , Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 1(2): 107 -142. Shamir, B. , House, R. J. , ; Arthur, M. B. (1993). The motivational effects of charismatic leadership: a self-concept theory. Organizational Science, 4, 577–594. Shamir, B. , Zakay, E. , Breinin, E. , ; Popper, M. (1998). Correlates of charismatic leader behavior in military units: subordinates’ attitudes, unit characteristics and superiors’ appraisal of leader performance. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 387–409. Snape, E. , Chan A. W. , Redman, T. (2006), -Multiple Commitments in the Chinese Context: Testing Compatibility, Cultural, and Moderating Hypotheses? , Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 69 (2): 302–314. Walumbwa, F. O. , ; Kuchinke, K. P. (1999, March). HRD faculty as leaders: The application of the full range leadership theory to graduate level HRD instruction. Paper presented at the Academy of Human Resource Development conference, Fairfax, VA. Walumbwa, F. O. , Orwa, B. , Wang, P, Lawler, J. J. 2005), -Transformational Leadership, Organizational Commitment, and Job Satisfaction: A Comparative Study of Kenyan and U. S. Financial Firms, Human Resource Development Quarterly, Vol. 16 (2): 235-256. Williams, E. S. , Phillai,R. , and Schriesheim, C A (1999), â€Å"Fairness Perceptions and Trust as Mediators for Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Two Sample Study†, Journal of Management, Vol. 25 (6):897-933 Williams, L. J. and Anderson, S. E. (1991), -Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment as Predictors of Organizational Citizenship and In-Role Behaviors? , Journal of Management, Vol. 17 (3): 601-617.

Free Essays on A Raisin In Time

A Life’s Dream In thinking of the Lanston Hughes poem from which the title of this play was taken, the key concept of dreams deferred comes to mind. The characters in this play all had a dream about their life. They all wanted something that would benefit them or others. The cherished dreams of Mama, Walter Lee and Beneatha reveal a great deal about the nature of the characters’ longings which unjust societal expectations cannot destroy. Walter Lee is the man of the Younger family. He runs the feelings and actions of his household. His dream is one that he has wanted for a long time. He has always wanted something he could be proud of calling it himself. He wants a change in his boring job and life and feels his dream can accomplish that. He dreams of running his own business along with his two friends, Bobo and Willy. He has little to worry about in life and he does what he can do to aggravate his wife, Ruth. The Younger family is not one that has loads of money, they live of what they have and cherish what life has brought them. Ruth is a very cautious wife, and Walter ignores it and brings tension to their marage by teasing her. One day their son Travis needed money for school and Ruth said they don’t have it but Walter said something different, â€Å"In fact, here’s another fifty cents†¦Buy yourself some fruit today-or take a taxicab to school or something.† (9) Walter gave away his own money to his son because his dream of his business is something that is sure to help his family. However, no one else believes in his dream. They all don’t want a part in his liquor business. His dream was eventually destroyed when his partner stole his money. Walter then had a break down and lost all faith in life. Mama is a totally different character then Walter Lee. She is very active and appreciative of what they have. She lost her husband and she inherits his money, $10,000. She too has a dream that relates to the money. The ... Free Essays on A Raisin In Time Free Essays on A Raisin In Time A Life’s Dream In thinking of the Lanston Hughes poem from which the title of this play was taken, the key concept of dreams deferred comes to mind. The characters in this play all had a dream about their life. They all wanted something that would benefit them or others. The cherished dreams of Mama, Walter Lee and Beneatha reveal a great deal about the nature of the characters’ longings which unjust societal expectations cannot destroy. Walter Lee is the man of the Younger family. He runs the feelings and actions of his household. His dream is one that he has wanted for a long time. He has always wanted something he could be proud of calling it himself. He wants a change in his boring job and life and feels his dream can accomplish that. He dreams of running his own business along with his two friends, Bobo and Willy. He has little to worry about in life and he does what he can do to aggravate his wife, Ruth. The Younger family is not one that has loads of money, they live of what they have and cherish what life has brought them. Ruth is a very cautious wife, and Walter ignores it and brings tension to their marage by teasing her. One day their son Travis needed money for school and Ruth said they don’t have it but Walter said something different, â€Å"In fact, here’s another fifty cents†¦Buy yourself some fruit today-or take a taxicab to school or something.† (9) Walter gave away his own money to his son because his dream of his business is something that is sure to help his family. However, no one else believes in his dream. They all don’t want a part in his liquor business. His dream was eventually destroyed when his partner stole his money. Walter then had a break down and lost all faith in life. Mama is a totally different character then Walter Lee. She is very active and appreciative of what they have. She lost her husband and she inherits his money, $10,000. She too has a dream that relates to the money. The ...

Freedom of Women to choose the right of Abortion Term Paper

Freedom of Women to choose the right of Abortion - Term Paper Example The United States law had legalized the practice of legal abortion since the year 1973. â€Å"Abortion was legalized in 1973 when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Roe v. Wade that during the first trimester, a woman has the right to decide what happens to her body. This landmark decision rested on the "right to privacy" which was introduced in 1965. In addition, the Court ruled that the state could intervene in the second trimester and could ban abortions in the third trimester. However, a central issue, which the Court declined to address, is whether human life begins at conception, at birth, or at some point in between† (Kathy Gill). From the Bible, there are no such terminology referred to as abortion, but there are many verses related to the concept of giving birth and the growth of the fetus in the womb of the woman. God is the sole creator and we admit it. But still the choice of giving birth or not remain the sole decision of the mother even if it is a rebellion against the superior power. From an Islamic point of view, there is belief that killing a child might bring poverty to the family as well as a lack of trust in God and as a failure to raise up a child and providing him with education and all satisfying his basic needs. Again there is no term abortion mentioned in the Holy Quran. In the past, women who needed to have an abortion always had to think harder and ask herself several questions. Is it legal and moral? Will she be punished religiously or legally for such an act? Will the society condemn her for doing it? Are her causes for performing an abortion right and rationalized? In this era, the women are gaining much more rights and now even their ideas have evolved and the answers they give are very challenging. Under the statement of Roe V. Wade in 1973, any woman has the right to abort a fetus, taking control of

The life of the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin Essay

The life of the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin - Essay Example Milwaukee has deep personal meaning to me as a home and as a place to visit with my family. I greatly adore Milwaukee known for its aromatic smell of malt in old-fashioned beer. With unique and distinct legacies handed down from generation to generation, it is no wonder that Milwaukee is literally translated as â€Å"the good land†, as it has benefitted me, my family and friends.What really is good about Milwaukee? Being considered home to more than 600,000 residents from diverse cultural and ethnic orientations, Milwaukee has supported diversity in culture from historical times. Although Native American Indians were known to rule the city, Germans were famous as the greatest immigrants, and have significantly influenced local culture through food and architectural edifices, the passage of time coupled with the sheer hospitality of the population encouraged people from Europe, Asia and from Mexico to assimilate into traditional American culture. We get the chance to watch most anticipated games of Milwaukee Brewers. The entire ballpark manifests grandeur and magnificence in the elegant design of the ballpark with a fan-shaped roof that houses four levels of fully packed highly charged and enthusiastic fans. Every game seen from Miller Park is a unique and memorable experience with minute details that are retained in my faculty forever. Sharing each experience with loved ones is a reflection of genuine respect for patronizing Miller Park as it forms part of my personal growth and development.... My family, friends and guests anticipate the end of winter through the melting of the snow in May – signaling the start of an almost five-month fun marathon, celebrating an array of activities ranging from attending musical concerts in beautifully designed stages across the festival grounds. We never miss attending the plethora of performing popular bands while sipping Milwaukee’s famous Schlitz and looking forward to having another serving of fish fry. Enjoying all that good stuff in the company of love ones and friends would never beat this experience. I would only fear that October is fast approaching and the frivolities are about to end. When all the merriment of Summerfest have concluded, I actually have other choices to visit, together with family members and peers in an array of contemporary and rustic works of art from any of the famous museums: the Art Museum in North Art Museum Drive, the Public Museum at West Wells Street, or the Betty Brinn Children’s Museum at Wisconsin Avenue. We all get to enjoy viewing extraordinary and exemplary designs in architectural structures and unconventional forms of arts. The futuristic houses constructed within the Art Museum and covered with a uniquely designed movable wings made to control the lighting and temperature within the building. My special and personal favorite is visiting the Public Museum where spectators never cease to recall the collection of butterflies at the Puelicher Butterfly Wing. Hundreds of beautifully colored butterflies in full splendor spread their intricately designed wings. I had the opportunity to see rare and even exotic species that are not found roaming in

Coco Fusco Cultural Commentary Essay Example for Free

Coco Fusco Cultural Commentary Essay This performance was intended to mock Western concepts of the exotic but instead took on a different facade when most audiences did not realize it was a performance piece. Their cage became â€Å"a metaphor for [their] condition, linking the racism implicit in the ethnographic paradigms of discovery†[1]. Reactions and commentary received throughout a span of two years allowed Coco Fusco to gage an even stronger sense of â€Å"otherness† where she was looked upon as a specimen instead of a human being. Being dehumanized in such a form cannot be easy to handle even when taking into account the fictional situation she and Gomez-Pena were in. However, the prevalent â€Å"otherness† for Coco Fusco wasn’t exclusive to the performance piece; as a Cuban-American she had already encountered that denial of one’s actual presence within society. As a young child her family hid the reasons for and meaning of comments/looks made as a way of protecting her from the harsh realities. Even in later years when Coco Fusco returned from her study abroad trip to Paris, her family was exuberant by the thought of her speaking French. She anecdotes thinking that her â€Å"newly acquired French impressed everyone much more than [her] English ever had†[2]. This inadvertently established that languages of the Western world were superior to her vernacular Spanish. The implication was that if she relinquished the use of Spanish or even the hybrid Spanglish she would be more successful in life. In a reading covered by Professor Alba-Salas the author reaffirms this notion by saying that â€Å"those who achieve success have done so within social and educational systems that favor the use of English over Spanish†[3]. Coco Fusco’s family was consumed by the same fear most immigrant families have; the fear of being marginalized as the â€Å"other† and never really reaching the viable potential one can have. Soon after Coco Fusco comes to realize the immense â€Å"culture clash† she had been living. She realizes the implications of those stares and the thoughts brought upon by her speech. It is then when she takes in upon herself to at least attempt to dispel or even clarify the misconceptions of the population through her performances. In the Two Undiscovered Amerindians performance it is clearly seen how two conflicting cultures create animosity where the privileged, in this case the audience, attempt set the standard for the normative. Coco Fusco notes that as she and Gomez-Pena assume their â€Å"stereotypical role of domesticated savage[s] and many audience members [feel] entitled to assume the role of the colonizer†[4] where as to continue the already rampant cycle of discrimination. After a particular performance one young woman came back to share her discontent, claiming that Gomez-Pena was â€Å"ungrateful for all the benefits he had received thanks to multiculturalism†¦ Gomez-Pena responded that multiculturalism was not a gift from the white but a result of decades of struggle by people of color†[5]. In this discourse Gomez-Pena reinforces the idea of this â€Å"culture clash† in America and how the privileged still see themselves as that standard that enables them to pass judgment. Nevertheless both â€Å"culture clash† and this sense of â€Å"otherness† within communities creates a harmful effect in society but equally harmful is the alienation that appears as an outcome of their presence. The other tends to feel this alienation most when realizing there is disengagement between them and their society, work, and even at times themselves.

internment camp :: essays research papers

well. I have realize that the people and government that maintain, cleanse, and protect the social fabric of America is a great one. But the social fabric of America is not as clean as we like to think it is. As a matter of fact the fabric has been stain quite a few times actually, and not with the type of stains that can be simply remove. But the kind of stains that take years of steam cleaning and chemical treatment to restore to its original condition. In this case, the stains I am referring to is regarding the internment of Japanese Americans and the long restoration period it took for Japanese Americans to restore their lives physically and mentally. John Locke was an advocator of three natural rights: life, liberty, and property. The Japanese who were detain lost all of these, including life. When I mean life I don’t mean being executed, but when you lose your liberty and property based on your ancestry; your whole life has been basically stripped away from you, so what is life then? A long history of Anti-Japanese sentiments fueled by economic competition and racial stereotypes propel the frontrunner(in my opinion) of this unconstitutional act, General DeWitt, to make it a personal quest of sort to assure a forced exodus of Japanese American into internment camps, ran by the WRA. The decision of internment was implemented towards Japanese Americans living on the west coast in 1942 after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Claims of Japanese soldier being aid by Japanese American to help plan the attack on pearl harbor caused concern for the general public. The fingers of dead Japanese's soldiers were allege to have worn class rings from Hawaii university. But what made matter was when many influential news and media sources failed to investigate these claims of Japanese American sabotages against the united states. the media didn’t take time to check questionable evidence of regarding these claims. The majority of the media were being bias by leading public opinion polls against Japanese's Americans instead of presenting evidence. Few journalists have claim there was no differences between u.s citizens of Japanese ancestry and the Japanese citizens who attack pearl harbor. A popular slogan for the journalist who felt this way was â€Å" A viper is nonetheless a viper wherever the egg is hatched. So a Japanese -American grows up to be a Japanese not an American.

Compare/Contrast Business Practices in Your Native Country to That in the Usa

compare/contrast business practices in your native country to that in the USA Business practices are an essential part of a country’s culture. In addition, the business practices in different countries are quite different. China and America are both big countries of the world, and they still have differences in business practices. In this essay I will compare business practices between China and the USA to find the point of the same and difference. First of all, in terms of interviewing, there are some difference and similarities between China and America.It is the same that during the interview, the interviewees need to dress up and be well-mannered, and they have to answer the questions asked by one or more than one interviewers. The difference is that, in the USA, the interviewers also hope the interviewees will ask questions, not just give answers, to ask some questions about the company, the system or something else. The interviewers want to see the enthusiasm of the inte rviewees and how much are they interested in the company through the questions. But in China, most of the interviewers do not like interviewees asking questions because they think this behavior is not respectful.They just need the interviewees to answer questions, but do not pay much attention to what the interviewees ask. Secondly, there are differences in management styles. The Chinese are much stricter, more conservative and efficient than Americans. Americans are more humorous, free and open. Different characteristics determine different management styles. The Chinese boss may force the employees to work till night due to an unfinished project, but the American boss may not do that, they clearly consider that, work is work, life is life.And also, the Chinese bosses control more, they do not allow the employees to get very involved in the decision-making process, they simply give orders. Compare to that, the Americans are more democratic. Thirdly, the relationship between employe es and bosses is different. A clear hierarchy exists in most of the Chinese companies. The boss and his employees are not totally equal, at least the call and the status. But in America, the employees can call bosses’ name and also be friends with them. That’s much more a free style. The other aspect is the business etiquettes.All cultures have rules of etiquette that must be followed in order to show respect. In China, businessmen and businesswomen are expected to dress conservatively in dark or neutral colors. Women's apparel should be modest. That means high necklines and low-heeled shoes. In America, it is also required to dress suitable, but not that much restricted. And also, understanding hierarchy is essential in China because the greatest attention, including order of address and seating, depends on the importance of the individual within the organization. Business people should know who answers to whom.The tone of conversation matters as well. But in the Amer ica, people are free to walk and talk in most of time. They don’t pay much attention to the seating and title anyway. Chinese businessmen would say simple words like â€Å"have you had meals? † or â€Å"where are you going? † when they meet. This reflects one person’s care for the other, but the American businessmen would feel bad as their privacy is interfered. Last but not the least, there are some differences in the job search. In America, the applications show questions directly like â€Å"do you know some relatives in our company?If you have, list the names. † or â€Å"have you worked in our company before? †. But in China, these kinds of questions are not allowed to be asked, because they show injustice or discrimination. I only mentioned five aspects about the differences between China and America in business practices. But actually, the differences are many more than I mentioned. I hope American and Chinese businessmen will understan d these differences in business practices and adjust to each other better. As the old saying goes â€Å"the only way to win a war is to know your enemy well†.

Power Factor - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3402 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/20 Category Energy Industry Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Energy Essay Did you like this example? Power factor: The power factor of an AC electric power system is defined as the ratio of the real power flowing to the load to the apparent power, and is a dimensionless number between 0 and 1 (frequently expressed as a percentage, e. g. 0. 5 pf = 50% pf). Real power is the capacity of the circuit for performing work in a particular time. Apparent power is the product of the current and voltage of the circuit. Due to energy stored in the load and returned to the source, or due to a non-linear load that distorts the wave shape of the current drawn from the source, the apparent power will be greater than the real power. In an electric power system, a load with low power factor draws more current than a load with a high power factor for the same amount of useful power transferred. The higher currents increase the energy lost in the distribution system, and require larger wires and other equipment. Because of the costs of larger equipment and wasted energy, electrical utilitie s will usually charge a higher cost to industrial or commercial costumers where there is a low power factor Linear loads with low power factor (such as induction motors) can be corrected with a passive network of capacitors or inductors. Non-linear loads, such as rectifiers, distort the current drawn from the system. In such cases, active or passive power factor correction may be used to counteract the distortion and raise the power factor. The devices for correction of the power factor may be at a central substation, spread out over a distribution system, or built into power-consuming equipment. Contents †¢ 1 Power factor in linear circuits o 1. 1 Definition and calculation o 1. 2 Power factor correction of linear loads †¢ 2 Non-linear loads o 2. 1 Non-sinusoidal components o 2. 2 Switched-mode power supplies o 2. Power factor correction in non-linear loads ? 2. 3. 1 Passive PFC ? 2. 3. 2 Active PFC †¢ 3 Importance of power factor in distribution systems †¢ 4 Measuring power factor †¢ 5 Mnemonics †¢ 6 References †¢ 7 External links Power factor in linear circuits In a purely resistive AC circuit, voltage and current waveforms are in step (or in phase), changing polarity at the same instant in each cycle. All the power entering the loads is consumed. Where reactive loads are present, such as with capacitors or inductors, energy storage in the loads result in a time difference between the current and voltage waveforms. During each cycle of the AC voltage, extra energy, in addition to any energy consumed in the load, is temporarily stored in the load in electric or magnetic fields, and then returned to the power grid a fraction of a second later in the cycle. The ebb and flow of this nonproductive power increases the current in the line. Thus, a circuit with a low power factor will use higher currents to transfer a given quantity of real power than a circuit with a high power factor. A linear load does not change the shap e of the waveform of the current, but may change the relative timing (phase) between voltage and current. Circuits containing purely resistive heating elements (filament lamps, strip heaters, cooking stoves, etc. ) have a power factor of 1. 0. Circuits containing inductive or capacitive elements (electric motors, solenoid valves, lamp ballasts, and others) often have a power factor below 1. 0. Definition and calculation AC power flow has the three components: real power (Active power) (P), measured in watts (W); apparent power (S), measured in volt-amperes (VA); and reactive power (Q), measured in reactive volt-amperes (var). The power factor is defined as: [pic] In the case of a perfectly sinusoidal waveform, P, Q and S can be expressed as vectors that form a vector triangle such that: [pic] If ? is the phase angle between the current and voltage, then the power factor is equal to the cosine of the angle, [pic], and: [pic] Since the units are consistent, the power factor is b y definition a dimensionless number between 0 and 1. When power factor is equal to 0, the energy flow is entirely reactive, and stored energy in the load returns to the source on each cycle. When the power factor is 1, all the energy supplied by the source is consumed by the load. Power factors are usually stated as leading or lagging to show the sign of the phase angle. If a purely resistive load is connected to a power supply, current and voltage will change polarity in step, the power factor will be unity (1), and the electrical energy flows in a single direction across the network in each cycle. Inductive loads such as transformers and motors (any type of wound coil) consume reactive power with current waveform lagging the voltage. Capacitive loads such as capacitor banks or buried cable generate reactive power with current phase leading the voltage. Both types of loads will absorb energy during part of the AC cycle, which is stored in the devices magnetic or electric fiel d, only to return this energy back to the source during the rest of the cycle. For example, to get 1  kW of real power, if the power factor is unity, 1 kVA of apparent power needs to be transferred (1  kW  ? 1 = 1  kVA). At low values of power factor, more apparent power needs to be transferred to get the same real power. To get 1  kW of real power at 0. power factor, 5 kVA of apparent power needs to be transferred (1  kW  ? 0. 2 = 5  kVA). This apparent power must be produced and transmitted to the load in the conventional fashion, and is subject to the usual distributed losses in the production and transmission processes. Electrical loads consuming alternating current power consume both real power and reactive power. The vector sum of real and reactive power is the apparent power. The presence of reactive power causes the real power to be less than the apparent power, and so, the electric load has a power factor of less than 1. Power factor correction of linear loads It is often desirable to adjust the power factor of a system to near 1. 0. This power factor correction (PFC) is achieved by switching in or out banks of inductors or capacitors. For example the inductive effect of motor loads may be offset by locally connected capacitors. When reactive elements supply or absorb reactive power near the load, the apparent power is reduced. Power factor correction may be applied by an electrical power transmission utility to improve the stability and efficiency of the transmission network. Correction equipment may be installed by individual electrical customers to reduce the costs charged to them by their electricity supplier. A high power factor is generally desirable in a transmission system to reduce transmission losses and improve voltage regulation at the load. Power factor correction brings the power factor of an AC power circuit closer to 1 by supplying reactive power of opposite sign, adding capacitors or inductors which act to cancel the inductive or capacitive effects of the load, respectively. For example, the inductive effect of motor loads may be offset by locally connected capacitors. If a load had a capacitive value, inductors (also known as reactors in this context) are connected to correct the power factor. In the electricity industry, inductors are said to consume reactive power and capacitors are said to supply it, even though the reactive power is actually just moving back and forth on each AC cycle. The reactive elements can create voltage fluctuations and harmonic noise when switched on or off. They will supply or sink reactive power regardless of whether there is a corresponding load operating nearby, increasing the systems no-load losses. In a worst case, reactive elements can interact with the system and with each other to create resonant conditions, resulting in system instability and severe overvoltage fluctuations. As such, reactive elements cannot simply be applied at will, and power f actor correction is normally subject to engineering analysis. 1. Reactive Power Control Relay; 2. Network connection points; 3. Slow-blow Fuses; 4. Inrush Limiting Contactors; 5. Capacitors (single-phase or three-phase units, delta-connection); 6. Transformer Suitable voltage transformation to suit control power (contactors, ventilation, ) An automatic power factor correction unit is used to improve power factor. A power factor correction unit usually consists of a number of capacitors that are switched by means of contactors. These contactors are controlled by a regulator that measures power factor in an electrical network. To be able to measure power factor, the regulator uses a current transformer to measure the current in one phase. Depending on the load and power factor of the network, the power factor controller will switch the necessary blocks of capacitors in steps to make sure the power factor stays above a selected value (usually demanded by the energy supplier), say 0. 9. Instead of using a set of switched capacitors, an unloaded synchronous motor can supply reactive power. The reactive power drawn by the synchronous motor is a function of its field excitation. This is referred to as a synchronous condenser. It is started and connected to the electrical network. It operates at a leading power factor and puts vars onto the network as required to support a system’s voltage or to maintain the system power factor at a specified level. The condenser’s installation and operation are identical to large electric motors. Its principal advantage is the ease with which the amount of correction can be adjusted; it behaves like an electrically variable capacitor. Unlike capacitors, the amount of reactive power supplied is proportional to voltage, not the square of voltage; this improves voltage stability on large networks. Synchronous condensers are often used in connection with high voltage direct current transmission projects or in la rge industrial plants such as steel mills. Non-linear loads A non-linear load on a power system is typically a rectifier (such as used in a power supply), or some kind of arc discharge device such as a fluorescent lamp, electric welding machine, or arc furnace. Because current in these systems is interrupted by a switching action, the current contains frequency components that are multiples of the power system frequency. Distortion power factor is a measure of how much the harmonic distortion of a load current decreases the average power transferred to the load. Non-sinusoidal components Non-linear loads change the shape of the current waveform from a sine wave to some other form. Non-linear loads create harmonic currents in addition to the original (fundamental frequency) AC current. Filters consisting of linear capacitors and inductors can prevent harmonic currents from entering the supplying system. In linear circuits having only sinusoidal currents and voltages of one freq uency, the power factor arises only from the difference in phase between the current and voltage. This is displacement power factor. The concept can be generalized to a total, distortion, or true power factor where the apparent power includes all harmonic components. This is of importance in practical power systems which contain non-linear loads such as rectifiers, some forms of electric lighting, electric arc furnaces, welding equipment, switched-mode power supplies and other devices. A typical multimeter will give incorrect results when attempting to measure the AC current drawn by a non-sinusoidal load; the instruments sense the average value of a rectified waveform. The average response is then calibrated to the effective, RMS value. An RMS sensing multimeter must be used to measure the actual RMS currents and voltages (and therefore apparent power). To measure the real power or reactive power, a wattmeter designed to work properly with non-sinusoidal currents must be used. S witched-mode power supplies A particularly important class of non-linear loads is the millions of personal computers that typically incorporate switched-mode power supplies (SMPS) with rated output power ranging from a few watts to more than 1  kW. Historically, these very-low-cost power supplies incorporated a simple full-wave rectifier that conducted only when the mains instantaneous voltage exceeded the voltage on the input capacitors. This leads to very high ratios of peak-to-average input current, which also lead to a low distortion power factor and potentially serious phase and neutral loading concerns. A typical switched-mode power supply first makes a DC bus, using a bridge rectifier or similar circuit. The output voltage is then derived from this DC bus. The problem with this is that the rectifier is a non-linear device, so the input current is highly non-linear. That means that the input current has energy at harmonics of the frequency of the voltage. This presents a particular problem for the power companies, because they cannot compensate for the harmonic current by adding simple capacitors or inductors, as they could for the reactive power drawn by a linear load. Many jurisdictions are beginning to legally require power factor correction for all power supplies above a certain power level. Regulatory agencies such as the EU have set harmonic limits as a method of improving power factor. Declining component cost has hastened implementation of two different methods. To comply with current EU standard EN61000-3-2, all switched-mode power supplies with output power more than 75 W must include passive PFC, at least. 80 PLUS power supply certification requires a power factor of 0. 9 or more. Power factor correction in non-linear loads Passive PFC The simplest way to control the harmonic current is to use a filter: it is possible to design a filter that passes current only at line frequency (e. g. 50 or 60 Hz). This filter reduces the harmon ic current, which means that the non-linear device now looks like a linear load. At this point the power factor can be brought to near unity, using capacitors or inductors as required. This filter requires large-value high-current inductors, however, which are bulky and expensive. A passive PFC requires an inductor larger than the inductor in an active PFC, but costs less. This is a simple way of correcting the nonlinearity of a load by using capacitor banks. It is not as effective as active PFC. Passive PFCs are typically more power efficient than active PFCs. Efficiency is not to be confused with the PFC, though many computer hardware reviews conflate them. A passive PFC on a switching computer PSU has a typical power efficiency of around 96%, while an active PFC has a typical efficiency of about 94%. Active PFC An active power factor corrector (active PFC) is a power electronic system that controls the amount of power drawn by a load in order to obtain a power factor as close as possible to unity. In most applications, the active PFC controls the input current of the load so that the current waveform is proportional to the mains voltage waveform (a sine wave). The purpose of making the power factor as close to unity (1) as possible is to make the load circuitry that is power factor corrected appear purely resistive (apparent power equal to real power). In this case, the voltage and current are in phase and the reactive power consumption is zero. This enables the most efficient delivery of electrical power from the power company to the consumer Some types of active PFC are: †¢ Boost †¢ Buck †¢ Buck-boost Active power factor correctors can be single-stage or multi-stage. In the case of a switched-mode power supply, a boost converter is inserted between the bridge rectifier and the main input capacitors. The boost converter attempts to maintain a constant DC bus voltage on its output while drawing a current that is always in phase with and at the same frequency as the line voltage. Another switchmode converter inside the power supply produces the desired output voltage from the DC bus. This approach requires additional semiconductor switches and control electronics, but permits cheaper and smaller passive components. It is frequently used in practice. For example, SMPS with passive PFC can achieve power factor of about 0. 7–0. 75, SMPS with active PFC, up to 0. 99 power factor, while a SMPS without any power factor correction has a power factor of only about 0. 55–0. 65. Due to their very wide input voltage range, many power supplies with active PFC can automatically adjust to operate on AC power from about 100 V (Japan) to 230 V (Europe). That feature is particularly welcome in power supplies for laptops. Importance of power factor in distribution systems The significance of power factor lies in the fact that utility companies supply customers with volt-amperes, but bill them for watts. Power factors below 1. 0 require a utility to generate more than the minimum volt-amperes necessary to supply the real power (watts). This increases generation and transmission costs. For example, if the load power factor were as low as 0. 7, the apparent power would be 1. 4 times the real power used by the load. Line current in the circuit would also be 1. 4 times the current required at 1. 0 power factor, so the losses in the circuit would be doubled (since they are proportional to the square of the current). Alternatively all components of the system such as generators, conductors, transformers, and switchgear would be increased in size (and cost) to carry the extra current. Utilities typically charge additional costs to customers who have a power factor below some limit, which is typically 0. 9 to 0. 95. Engineers are often interested in the power factor of a load as one of the factors that affect the efficiency of power transmission. With the rising cost of energy and concerns ove r the efficient delivery of power, active PFC has become more common in consumer electronics. Current Energy Star guidelines for computers (ENERGY STAR ® Program Requirements for Computers Version 5. 0) call for a power factor of ? 0. 9 at 100% of rated output in the PCs power supply. According to a white paper authored by Intel and the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency? , PCs with internal power supplies will require the use of active power factor correction to meet the ENERGY STAR ® 5. 0 Program Requirements for Computers. [17] In Europe, IEC 555-2 requires power factor correction be incorporated into consumer products. Measuring power factor Power factor in a single-phase circuit (or balanced three-phase circuit) can be measured with the wattmeter-ammeter-voltmeter method, where the power in watts is divided by the product of measured voltage and current. The power factor of a balanced polyphase circuit is the same as that of any phase. The power factor of an unbala nced polyphase circuit is not uniquely defined. A direct reading power factor meter can be made with a moving coil meter of the electrodynamic type, carrying two perpendicular coils on the moving part of the instrument. The field of the instrument is energized by the circuit current flow. The two moving coils, A and B, are connected in parallel with the circuit load. One coil, A, will be connected through a resistor and the second coil, B, through an inductor, so that the current in coil B is delayed with respect to current in A. At unity power factor, the current in A is in phase with the circuit current, and coil A provides maximum torque, driving the instrument pointer toward the 1. 0 mark on the scale. At zero power factor, the current in coil B is in phase with circuit current, and coil B provides torque to drive the pointer towards 0. At intermediate values of power factor, the torques provided by the two coils add and the pointer takes up intermediate positions. Another electromechanical instrument is the polarized-vane type. In this instrument a stationary field coil produces a rotating magnetic field, just like a polyphase motor. The field coils are connected either directly to polyphase voltage sources or to a phase-shifting reactor if a single-phase application. A second stationary field coil, perpendicular to the voltage coils, carries a current proportional to current in one phase of the circuit. The moving system of the instrument consists of two vanes which are magnetized by the current coil. In operation the moving vanes take up a physical angle equivalent to the electrical angle between the voltage source and the current source. This type of instrument can be made to register for currents in both directions, giving a 4-quadrant display of power factor or phase angle. Digital instruments can be made that either directly measure the time lag between voltage and current waveforms and so calculate the power factor, or by measuring both tr ue and apparent power in the circuit and calculating the quotient. The first method is only accurate if voltage and current are sinusoidal; loads such as rectifiers distort the waveforms from the sinusoidal shape. Mnemonics English-language power engineering students are advised to remember: ELI the ICE man or ELI on ICE – the voltage E leads the current I in an inductor L, the current leads the voltage in a capacitor C. Or CIVIL – in a capacitor(C) the current (I) leads voltage (V), voltage (V) leads current (I) in an inductor (L). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Power Factor" essay for you Create order